Thulium

Thulium, ₆₉Tm
Thulium; tuliyum·
Pabaosan	/ˈθjuːliəm/ (THEW-lee-əm)
Cingakan	klau pérak
Bobot atom standar Ar, std(Tm)	168.934218(6)
Thulium ring tabél périodik
	érbium ← thulium → itterbium
Wilangan atom (Z)	69
Watek	n/a
Période	période 6
Blok	blok-f
Konpigurasi éléktron	[Xé] 4f13 6s2
Éléktron per kulit	2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Cecirén pisik
Pase ring STP	padet
Titik lebur	1818 K (1545 °C, 2813 °F)
Titik didih	2223 K (1950 °C, 3542 °F)
Kapadetan (nampek s.r.)	9.32 g/cm3
ri kala éncéh (ring t.l.)	8.56 g/cm3
Panes fusi	16.84 kJ/mol
Panes panguapan	191 kJ/mol
Kapasitas panes molar	27.03 J/(mol·K)
Cecirén atom
Paindikan oksidasi	0, +1, +2, +3 (oksida basa)
Kaéléktronégatipan	skala Pauling: 1.25
Wasa ionisasi	ka-1: 596.7 kJ/mol ; ka-2: 1160 kJ/mol ; ka-3: 2285 kJ/mol ; ;
Jeriji atom	émpiris: 176 pm
Jeriji kovalén	190±10 pm
	Garis spéktral saking thulium
Cecirén liyanan
Rupa alami	primordial
Struktur kristal	susunan padat héksagon (hcp)
Ékspansi térmal	poly: 13.3 µm/(m⋅K) (ring s.r.)
Konduktivitas térmal	16.9 W/(m⋅K)
Resistivitas listrik	poly: 676 nΩ⋅m (ring s.r.)
bacakan magnétik	paramagnétik (ring 300 K)
Karentanan magnétik molar	+25500×10−6 cm3/mol (291 K)
Modulus Young	74.0 GPa
Modulus Shear	30.5 GPa
Modulus Bulk	44.5 GPa
Rasio Poisson	0.213
Kakatosan Vickers	470–650 MPa
Kakatosan Brinell	470–900 MPa
Nomor CAS	7440-30-4
Lelintihan
Pangaranan	mawit Thule, wawengkon mitos ring Skandinavia
Panemuan miwah isolasi kapertama	Per Teodor Cleve (1879)
Isotop utama thulium
	Kategori:Thulium; cingak; pabligbagan; uah; \| pustaka

Thulium silih tunggil datu kimia antuk simbol Tm miwah wilangan atom 69. Puniki datu kaping tigang welas miwah kaping tiga saking untat ring bacakan lantanida, paindikan oksidasi sané pinih ketah punika +3, kacingak ring oksida, halida, miwah senyawa liyanan; mawinan sanget belad ring bacakan punika, asapunika, paindikan oksidasi +2 taler kategtegang olih kulit 4f sané nagih penuh. Larutan MCIn, sekadi senyawa lantanida untat liyanan, senyawa thulium larut ngawentuk kompléks koordinasi sareng sia molekul toya.

Pustaka

↑ Méija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
↑ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
↑ La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB₈⁻ clusters; see Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes". Nature Communications. 12: 6467. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Pranala jaba

Poole, Charles P. Jr. (2004). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Condensed Matter Physics. Academic Press. p. 1395. ISBN 978-0-08-054523-3.

[CIAAW2013-1] Méija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[Cloke1993-2] Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.

[LnI-3] La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB₈⁻ clusters; see Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes". Nature Communications. 12: 6467. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9.

[4] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

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