Basa Sansekerta

Basa Sansekerta (संस्कृतम्, anggén aksara Latin: saṃskṛtam, kaucapang [sɐ̃skɽɪtɐm]) inggih punika basa India kuna sané lantang babadnyané kirang-langkung 3.500 warsa. Sansekerta masoroh basa-basa Indo-Arya. Sansekerta inggih punika basa suratan indik agama miwah filosofi Hindu miwah suratan akéh kakawian agama Buddha miwah Jain miwah dados lingua franca India kuna. Ring pangawit abad ka-1 M, Sansekerta ibéh ka Asia Kelod Kangin, Asia Timur miwah Asia Tengah sareng agama Buddha miwah Hindu, pinaka basa budaya luhur miwah basa sané kaanggén olih élit sané nitah wawidangan-wawidangan punika. Sansekerta pinaka basa kasurat ngawitin ring abad ka-2 SM saking Rigveda.

Basa Sanskerta संस्कृतम् Saṃskṛtam Saṁskrtavāk
Saṃskṛtam rign aksara Déwanagari
Pengucapan	Mal:IPA-sa
Katuturang ring	Asia
Wawidangan	India Agung (India miwah Indonésia sareng makudang-kudang wewidangan liyanan ring Asia Kelod miwah Asia Kelod Kangin)
Era	Abad Milenium ke-2 SM – 600 SM (Basa Sanskerta Weda); 600 SM-mangkin(Basa Sanskerta Klasik) Perincian data penutur Jumlah penutur beserta (jika ada) metode pengambilan, jenis, tanggal, dan tempat. 2.212 (1971) 6.106 (1981) 49.736 (1991) 14.135 (2001) 26.490 (bahasa pertama, 2011)
Rumpun basa bahasa manusia (id) Soroh basa Indo-Éropa Indo-Iran (id) Soroh Basa Indo-Arya Old Indo-Aryan (en) Basa Sanskerta Bentuk awal Sanskerta Weda Basa Sanskerta
Sistem penulisan	Aslinyane dados basa lisan. Nenten wénten aksara sané resmi antuk basa puniki; nanging ring milenium kapertama Masehi, basa puniki kasurat ring aksara berumpun Brahmi.
Status resmi
Diakui sebagai basa minoritas di	India (Bahasa Jadwal Kedelapan)
Kode basa
ISO 639-1	sa
ISO 639-2	san
ISO 639-3	san
Glottolog	sans1269
IETF	sa
Status pemertahanan Punah EXSingkatan dari Extinct (Punah) Terancam CRSingkatan dari Critically endangered (Terancam Kritis) SESingkatan dari Severely endangered (Terancam berat) DESingkatan dari Devinitely endangered (Terancam) VUSingkatan dari Vulnerable (Rentan) Aman NESingkatan dari Not Endangered (Tidak terancam) ICHEL Red Book: Extinct Basa Sanskerta diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa yang telah punah (EX) pada Atlas Bahasa-Bahasa di Dunia yang Terancam Kepunahan C10 Kategori 10 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa telah punah (Extinct) C9 Kategori 9 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa sudah ditinggalkan dan hanya segelintir yang menuturkannya (Dormant) C8b Kategori 8b Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa hampir punah (Nearly extinct) C8a Kategori 8a Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa sangat sedikit dituturkan dan terancam berat untuk punah (Moribund) C7 Kategori 7 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa mulai mengalami penurunan ataupun penutur mulai berpindah menggunakan basa lain (Shifting) C6b Kategori 6b Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa mulai terancam (Threatened) C6a Kategori 6a Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa masih cukup banyak dituturkan (Vigorous) C5 Kategori 5 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa mengalami pertumbuhan populasi penutur (Developing) C4 Kategori 4 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa digunakan dalam institusi pendidikan (Educational) C3 Kategori 3 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa digunakan cukup luas (Wider Communication) C2 Kategori 2 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa yang digunakan di berbagai wilayah (Provincial) C1 Kategori 1 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa nasional maupun basa resmi dari suatu negara (National) C0 Kategori 0 Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa basa merupakan basa pengantar internasional ataupun basa yang digunakan pada kancah antar bangsa (International) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 EGIDS SIL Ethnologue: C4 EducationalBasa Sansekerta dikategorikan sebagai C4 Educational menurut SIL Ethnologue, artinya basa ini digunakan di institusi pendidikan, baik dalam basa ajar-mengajar maupun sebagai kurikulum ajaran Referensi: Sampel Sampel teks Logo Wikipedia dalam basa Sanskerta yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam basa tersebut. Sampel teks lainnya
Portal Basa

Taittiriya Samhita Veda

Rigveda

Pustaka

Lis pustaka lianan

• H. W. Bailey (1955). "Buddhist Sanskrit". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. 87 (1/2): 13–24. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00106975. JSTOR 25581326.
• Banerji, Sures (1989). A Companion to Sanskrit Literature: Spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing brief accounts of authors, works, characters, technical terms, geographical names, myths, legends, and several appendices. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2.
• Guy L. Beck (1995). Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1261-1.
• Guy L. Beck (2006). Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-421-8.
• Robert S.P. Beekes (2011). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An introduction (édisi ka-2nd). John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-8500-3.
• Benware, Wilbur (1974). The Study of Indo-European Vocalism in the 19th Century: From the Beginnings to Whitney and Scherer: A Critical-Historical Account. Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-0894-1.
• Shlomo Biderman (2008). Crossing Horizons: World, Self, and Language in Indian and Western Thought. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51159-9.
• Claire Bowern; Bethwyn Evans (2015). The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-74324-8.
• John L. Brockington (1998). The Sanskrit Epics. BRILL Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-10260-6.
• Johannes Bronkhorst (1993). "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit: The Original Language". Aspects of Buddhist Sanskrit: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Language of Sanskrit Buddhist Texts, 1–5 Oct. 1991. Sarnath. pp. 396–423. ISBN 978-81-900149-1-5.
• Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
• Edwin Francis Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6.
• Burrow, Thomas (1973). The Sanskrit Language (édisi ka-3rd, revised). London: Faber & Faber.
• Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
• George Cardona (2012). Sanskrit Language. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
• James Clackson (18 October 2007). Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46734-6.
• Coulson, Michael (1992). Richard Gombrich; James Benson (eds.). Sanskrit : an introduction to the classical language (édisi ka-2nd, revised by Gombrich and Benson). Random House. ISBN 978-0-340-56867-5. OCLC 26550827.
• Michael Coulson; Richard Gombrich; James Benson (2011). Complete Sanskrit: A Teach Yourself Guide. Mcgraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-175266-4.
• Harold G. Coward (1990). Karl Potter (ed.). The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. 5. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5.
• Suniti Kumar Chatterji (1957). "Indianism and Sanskrit". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 38 (1/2): 1–33. JSTOR 44082791.
• Peter T. Daniels (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
• Deshpande, Madhav (2011). "Efforts to vernacularize Sanskrit: Degree of success and failure". Ring Joshua Fishman; Ofelia Garcia (eds.). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The success-failure continuum in language and ethnic identity efforts. 2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983799-1.
• Will Durant (1963). Our oriental heritage. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1567310122.
• Eltschinger, Vincent (2017). "Why Did the Buddhists Adopt Sanskrit?". Open Linguistics. 3 (1). doi:10.1515/opli-2017-0015. ISSN 2300-9969.
• J. Filliozat (1955). "Sanskrit as Language of Communication". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 36 (3/4): 179–189. JSTOR 44082954.
• Filliozat, Pierre-Sylvain (2004), "Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature", ring Chemla, Karine; Cohen, Robert S.; Renn, Jürgen; et al. (eds.), History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science), Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 360–375, doi:10.1007/1-4020-2321-9_7, ISBN 978-1-4020-2320-0
• Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat (2000). The Sanskrit Language: An Overview : History and Structure, Linguistic and Philosophical Representations, Uses and Users. Indica. ISBN 978-81-86569-17-7.
• Benjamin W. Fortson, IV (2011). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8.
• Robert P. Goldman; Sally J Sutherland Goldman (2002). Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language. Center for South Asia Studies, University of California Press.
• Thomas V. Gamkrelidze; Vjaceslav V. Ivanov (2010). Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-081503-0.
• Thomas V. Gamkrelidze; V. V. Ivanov (1990). "The Early History of Indo-European Languages". Scientific American. Nature America. 262 (3): 110–117. Bibcode:1990SciAm.262c.110G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0390-110. JSTOR 24996796.
• Jack Goody (1987). The Interface Between the Written and the Oral. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33794-6.
• Reinhold Grünendahl (2001). South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints: Grantha Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Nandinagari. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04504-9.
• Houben, Jan (1996). Ideology and status of Sanskrit: contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10613-0.
• Hanneder, J. (2002). "On 'The Death of Sanskrit'". Indo-Iranian Journal. Brill Academic Publishers. 45 (4): 293–310. doi:10.1023/a:1021366131934. S2CID 189797805.
• Hock, Hans Henrich (1983). Kachru, Braj B (ed.). "Language-death phenomena in Sanskrit: grammatical evidence for attrition in contemporary spoken Sanskrit". Studies in the Linguistic Sciences. 13:2.
• Barbara A. Holdrege (2012). Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-0695-4.
• Michael C. Howard (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9033-2.
• Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
• Stephanie W. Jamison; Joel P. Brereton (2014). The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set, Volume I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972078-1.
• A. Berriedale Keith (1993). A history of Sanskrit literature. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1100-3.
• Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-98595-9.
• Anne Kessler-Persaud (2009). Knut A. Jacobsen; et al. (eds.). Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism: Sacred texts, ritual traditions, arts, concepts. Brill Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-17893-9.
• Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (2017). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook. Walter De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-026128-8.
• Dalai Lama (1979). "Sanskrit in Tibetan Literature". The Tibet Journal. 4 (2): 3–5. JSTOR 43299940.
• Winfred Philipp Lehmann (1996). Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-13850-5.
• Donald S. Lopez Jr. (1995). "Authority and Orality in the Mahāyāna" (PDF). Numen. Brill Academic. 42 (1): 21–47. doi:10.1163/1568527952598800. hdl:2027.42/43799. JSTOR 3270278.
• Mahadevan, Iravatham (2003). Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01227-1.
• Malhotra, Rajiv (2016). The Battle for Sanskrit: Is Sanskrit Political or Sacred, Oppressive or Liberating, Dead or Alive?. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-9351775386.
• J. P. Mallory; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
• Mallory, J. P. (1992). "In Search of the Indo-Europeans / Language, Archaeology and Myth". Praehistorische Zeitschrift. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 67 (1). doi:10.1515/pz-1992-0118. ISSN 1613-0804. S2CID 197841755.
• Colin P. Masica (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
• Michael Méier-Brügger (2003). Indo-European Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017433-5.
• Michael Méier-Brügger (2013). Indo-European Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-089514-8.
• Matilal, Bimal (2015). The word and the world : India's contribution to the study of language. New Delhi, India Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-565512-4. OCLC 59319758.
• Maurer, Walter (2001). The Sanskrit language: an introductory grammar and reader. Surrey, England: Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1382-0.
• J. P. Mallory; D. Q. Adams (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928791-8.
• V. RAGHAVAN (1965). "Sanskrit". Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. 8 (2): 110–115. JSTOR 23329146.
• MacDonell, Arthur (2004). A History Of Sanskrit Literature. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-0619-2.
• Sir Monier Monier-Williams (2005). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3105-6.
• Tim Murray (2007). Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-186-1.
• Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1974). Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia. Sanskrit College.
• Nedi︠a︡lkov, V. P. (2007). Reciprocal constructions. Amsterdam Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. ISBN 978-90-272-2983-0.
• Oberlies, Thomas (2003). A Grammar of Epic Sanskrit. Berlin New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014448-2.
• Petersen, Walter (1912). "Vedic, Sanskrit, and Prakrit". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 32 (4): 414–428. doi:10.2307/3087594. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3087594.
• Sheldon Pollock (2009). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26003-0.
• Pollock, Sheldon (2001). "The Death of Sanskrit". Comparative Studies in Society and History. Cambridge University Press. 43 (2): 392–426. doi:10.1017/s001041750100353x. JSTOR 2696659. S2CID 35550166.
• V. RAGHAVAN (1968). "Sanskrit: Flow of Studies". Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. 11 (4): 82–87. JSTOR 24157111.
• Colin Renfrew (1990). Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38675-3.
• Louis Renou; Jagbans Kishore Balbir (2004). A history of Sanskrit language. Ajanta. ISBN 978-8-1202-05291.
• A. M. Ruppel (2017). The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08828-3.
• Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
• Salomon, Richard (1995). "On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (2): 271–279. doi:10.2307/604670. JSTOR 604670.
• Salomon, Richard (1995). "On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (2): 271–279. doi:10.2307/604670. JSTOR 604670.
• Malati J. Shendge (1997). The Language of the Harappans: From Akkadian to Sanskrit. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-325-0.
• Seth, Sanjay (2007). Subject lessons: the Western education of colonial India. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4105-5.
• Staal, Frits (1986), The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen, Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company
• Staal, J. F. (1963). "Sanskrit and Sanskritization". The Journal of Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 22 (3): 261–275. doi:10.2307/2050186. JSTOR 2050186.
• Angus Stevenson; Maurice Waite (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3.
• Southworth, Franklin (2004). Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-31777-6.
• Philipp Strazny (2013). Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45522-4.
• Paul Thieme (1958). "The Indo-European Language". Scientific American. 199 (4): 63–78. Bibcode:1958SciAm.199d..63T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1058-63. JSTOR 24944793.
• Peter van der Veer (2008). "Does Sanskrit Knowledge Exist?". Journal of Indian Philosophy. Springer. 36 (5/6): 633–641. doi:10.1007/s10781-008-9038-8. JSTOR 23497502. S2CID 170594265.
• Umāsvāti, Umaswami (1994). That Which Is. Katerjemahang olih Nathmal Tatia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-06-068985-8.
• Wayman, Alex (1965). "The Buddhism and the Sanskrit of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 85 (1): 111–115. doi:10.2307/597713. JSTOR 597713.
• Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-024003-0.
• Whitney, W.D. (1885). "The Roots of the Sanskrit Language". Transactions of the American Philological Association. JSTOR. 16: 5–29. doi:10.2307/2935779. ISSN 0271-4442. JSTOR 2935779.
• Witzel, M. (1997). Inside the texts, beyond the texts: New approaches to the study of the Vedas (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Jamison, Stephanie (2008). Roger D. Woodard (ed.). The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1.

Lis pustaka

• Jan Gonda. 1952. Sanskrit in Indonésia, New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.
• Jan Gonda. 1963. Kurze Elementar-Grammatik der Sanskrit-Sprache, Leiden: E.J. Brill
• Jan Gonda. 1966. A Concise Elementary Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, Tuscaloosa and London. Translated from the German by Gordon B. Ford Jr.
• Haryati Soebadio. 1983. Tata Bahasa Sanskerta Ringkas. Jakarta: Djambatan.