Napoléon Bonaparte
Napoléon Bonaparte[lower-alpha 1] (15 August 1769 – 5 Méi 1821) silih tunggil pamimpin militér miwah politik Prancis sané manados kasub ri kala Révolusi Prancis miwah mimpin makudang kampanye sukses ri kala Yuda Révolusi. Ida punika manggala de facto Républik Prancis manados Konsul Kapertama saking warsa 1799 nganti 1804. Manados Napoléon I, Ida dados Kaisar Perancis saking 1804 nganti 1814 taler ring 1815. Napoléon ngadominasi paindikan Éropa miwah global langkung saking dasawarsa sambilang ngamanggalain Prancis ngalawan makudang pasioman ring Yuda Napoléon. Ida ngamenangang makéhan yuda puniki miwah makéhan patempuran nyané, ngawangun krajaan ageng sané minguasain banua Éropa sadurung runtuh warsa 1815. Silih tunggil komandan pinih ageng ring lelintihan, yuda miwah kampanye nyané kapelajahin ring sekolah militér ring samian gumi. Sakéwanten Ida tetep manados silih tunggil tokoh politik pinih kasub miwah kontrovérsial ring lelintihan manusa.[3][4]
| Napoléon Bonaparte | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Kaisar Prancis (malih...) | |||||
| Pamréntahan ka-1 | 18 Méi 1804 – 6 April 1814 | ||||
| Panobatan | 2 Désémber 1804 Notre-Dame Cathedral | ||||
| Penerus | Louis XVIII (dados Raja Prancis) | ||||
| Pamréntahan ka-2 | 20 Maret 1815 – 22 Juni 1815 | ||||
| Penerus | Napoléon II (kaiyegang) | ||||
| Raja Italia | |||||
| Berkuasa | 17 Maret 1805 – 11 April 1814 | ||||
| Penobatan | 26 Méi 1805 Katedral Milan | ||||
| Konsul Pertama Prancis | |||||
| Manjabat | 10 Nopémber 1799 – 18 Méi 1804 | ||||
| Ko-Konsul | Jean Jacques Régis Charles-François Lebrun | ||||
| Présidén Itali | |||||
| Manjabat | 26 Januari 1802 – 17 Maret 1805 | ||||
| Wakil Présidén | Francesco Melzi d'Eril | ||||
| Embas | Napoleone Bonaparte[1] 15 Agustus 1769 Ajaccio, Korsika, Krajaan Prancis | ||||
| Seda | 5 Méi 1821 (yusa 51) Longwood, Saint Helena, Krajaan Inggris | ||||
| Setra | 15 Désémber 1840 | ||||
| Wangsa | Bonaparte | ||||
| |||||
| Ayah | Carlo Buonaparte | ||||
| Ibu | Letizia Ramolino | ||||
| Pasangan | Joséphine de Beauharnais (k. 1796; c. 1810) Marie Louise saking Austria (k. 1810) | ||||
| Oka Rincian | Napoleon II | ||||
| Agama | Katolik Roma cingak sajangkepné | ||||
| Tanda tangan | 
| ||||
Lambang | 2.svg) | ||||
Napoléon madué pingaruh sané jimbar miwah kuat majeng gumi modérn, makta réformasi liberal nuju makéh wawengkon sané kakalahang miwah kaatur, kautama sekadi Negara-negara Metén, Swiss, miwah makéhan Italia miwah Jérman modérn. Ida nerapang kawicakan liberal ngadasar ring Prancis miwah ring sajebang Éropa Kawan.[lower-alpha 2] Prestasi hukum sané séwaka, Kode Napoléon, sanget mingaruhin. Roberts nganikayang, "Manahan sané nyangga gumi modérn iraga—ngaritokrasi, kapatehan ring arep awig, hak druén, toléransi magama, pandidikan sekulér modérn, kajinahan sané becik, miwah sané liyanan—kaperjuangang, kakonsolidasiyang, kakodifikasi miwah kajimbarang sacara géograpis olih Napoléon. Majeng dané ida minambahin Pamréntahan lokal sané rasional miwah éfisién, muputang parampok padésaan, nuwukang ilmu kawikanan miwah seni, pangusapan féodalisme miwah kodifikasi awig pinih ageng sesampun runtuh nyané Kaprabon Romawi."[11]
Cingak taler
uahCutetan
uah- ↑ /nəˈpoʊliən,
-ˈpoʊljən/;[2] Basa Prancis: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt], embas maparab Napoleone, Itali: [napoleˈoːne] - ↑ Ida mangaadegang sistem pandidikan umum,[5] ngusapin sisa-sisa féodalisme,[6] Yahudi sané kabébasang miwah agama minoritas liyanan,[7] ngusapin Inkuisisi Spanyol,[8] ngamargiang pasaiban awig antuk kelas madya sané wawu ngenah,[9] miwah kakuasaan negara kapusat sareng ngorbanang otoritas agama.[10]
Anggitan
uah- ↑ "| Fac-similé de l'acte de baptême de Napoléon, rédigé en italien. | Images d'Art".
- ↑ "Napoleon". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ↑ Roberts, Andrew. Napoleon: A Life. Penguin Group, 2014, Introduction.
- ↑ Charles Messenger, ed. (2001). Reader's Guide to Military History. Routledge. pp. 391–427. ISBN 978-1-135-95970-8.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ↑ Grab 2003, p. 56.
- ↑ Broers, M. and Hicks, P.The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, p. 230
- ↑ Conner, S. P. The Age of Napoleon. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, pp. 38–40.
- ↑ Perez, Joseph. The Spanish Inquisition: A History. Yale University Press, 2005, p. 98
- ↑ Fremont-Barnes, G. and Fisher, T. The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Osprey Publishing, 2004, p. 336
- ↑ Grab, A. Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, Conclusion.
- ↑ Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: A Life (2014), p. xxxiii.
Pustaka
uahStudi Biograpi
uah- Abbott, John (2005). Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-7063-6.
- Bell, David A. (2015). Napoleon: A Concise Biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-026271-6. only 140pp; by a scholar
- Blaufarb, Rafe (2007). Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents. Bedford. ISBN 978-0-312-43110-5.
- Chandler, David (2002). Napoleon. Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-750-6.
- Cronin, Vincent (1994). Napoleon. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-637521-0.
- Dwyer, Philip (2008). Napoleon: The Path to Power. Yale University Press. ASIN B00280LN5G.
- Dwyer, Philip (2013). Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power. Yale University Press. ASIN B00GGSG3W4.
- Englund, Steven (2010). Napoleon: A Political Life. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-674-01803-7.
- Gueniffey, Patrice. Bonaparte: 1769–1802 (Harvard UP, 2015, French edition 2013); 1008 pp.; vol 1 of most comprehensive recent scholarly biography by leading French specialist; less emphasis on battles and campaigns excerpt; also online review
- Johnson, Paul (2002). Napoleon: A life. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03078-1.; 200 pp.; quite hostile
- Lefebvre, Georges (1969). Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807. Columbia University Press. influential wide-ranging history
- Lefebvre, Georges (1969). Napoleon: from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231033138.
- Lyons, Martyn (1994). Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution. St. Martin's Press.
- Markham, Felix (1963). Napoleon. Mentor. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2010-04-20. Kaaksés 2021-05-31.; 303 pp.; short biography by an Oxford scholar online
- McLynn, Frank (1998). Napoleon. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6247-5. Mal:ASIN.
- Roberts, Andrew (2014). Napoleon: A Life. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-670-02532-9.
- Thompson, J.M. (1951). Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall. Oxford U.P., 412 pp.; by an Oxford scholar