[[Berkas:Traditional Well-Kerala.JPG|jmpl|290x290px|Sémér ring Kerala, India]]
'''Sémér''' utawi '''Prigi''' inggih punika struktur sané kawangun ring tanah sané kakeduk utawi kabor sané kangge ngaruruh [[toya]], [[minyak]] utawi [[gas]]. Sémér sané pinih akéh kaanggén wantah sémér sané kanggén ngaruruh [[toyatanah]] saking [[aquifer]]. sémér punika kagenahin ring umah utawi jero lumbrahnyanelumbrahnyané nampek tekén [[Paon|pawaregan]] duaning kaangge kaperluan sadina-dina. Toya saking tanah katimba nganggé émbér sané madué tali sané kawastanin timba. Sémér sané pinih modern sané katemuin ring kota-kota agengnyaneagengnyané alit, kirang langkung sa pipa PVC inggih punika 3"-8", toya katimba nganggé [[kompa]] listrik.
== Babad ==
Sémér malakar antuk kayu sampun kauningan saking daweg [[Neolitikum]] utawi zaman batu muda, ContonyaneContonyané ring Ostrov, [[Républik Céko]] warsa 5265 SM<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rybníček|first=Michal|last2=Kočár|first2=Petr|last3=Muigg|first3=Bernhard|last4=Peška|first4=Jaroslav|last5=Sedláček|first5=Radko|last6=Tegel|first6=Willy|last7=Kolář|first7=Tomáš|date=2020-03-01|title=World's oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wood construction|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440320300066|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|language=en|volume=115|pages=105082|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2020.105082|issn=0305-4403}}</ref>. Bukti sémér toya sané pinih simalu katemuin ring [[Cina]]. Ring cakepan Yi Jing kasurat sapunapi krama cina kuna ngemban sémér tur nyage klebutannyane<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.csegrecorder.com/articles/view/ancient-chinese-drilling|title=Ancient Chinese Drilling|website=CSEG RECORDER Magazine|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>.
Ring mesir kuna, Syaduf lan [[sakia]] sané kaangen<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/sakia|title=Sakia {{!}} water-supply system|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>. Sakia punika wantah sémér sané madué kincir sané kaagen nimba toyane. Sakia mresidayang nimba toya saking sémér sadalem 10m sakewanten syaduf mresidayang nimba 3m kewanten. Sémér sané pinih kuna katemuin ring [[siprus]] duk warsa 7000-8500 SM<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8118318.stm|title=Stone Age wells found in Cyprus|date=2009-06-25|access-date=2020-04-07|language=en-GB}}</ref>.
Carik 22:
=== ''Patogen'' ===
Makehan [[bakteri]], [[virus]], [[parasit]] miwah [[oong]] sané ngregedin sémér masumber saking tai utawi feses manusa lan baburon, contonyanecontonyané saking sistem sanitisi minakadi [[septic tank]] utawi badan ubuan. Bakteri sané lumrah katemuin minakadi [[E. coli]], [[Salmonella]], [[Shigella]], lan [[Campylobacter jejuni]]. Virus sané lumrah katemuin minakadi [[norovirus]], [[sapovirus]], [[rotavirus]], [[enteroviruses]], and [[hepatitis A]] and [[Hepatitis E|E]]. Parasit sané lumrah katemuin minakadi [[Giardia lamblia]], [[Cryptosporidium]], [[Cyclospora cayetanensis]], and [[microsporidia]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Diseases|first=Committee on Environmental Health and Committee on Infectious|date=2009-06-01|title=Drinking Water From Private Wells and Risks to Children|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/123/6/1599|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=123|issue=6|pages=1599–1605|doi=10.1542/peds.2009-0751|issn=0031-4005|pmid=19482772}}</ref>.
