Cina
(Kagingsirang saking Cino)
Cina inggih punika silih tunggil negara sané pinih jimbar ring Asia. Negara Cina punika madué panjak sané pinih akéh ring jagat.
Republik Rakyat Cina | |
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 .svg) Panji nasional
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.svg) Wawengkon sané kakuasain olih Républik Rakyat Cina mawarna ijo tua; wawengkon sané kaakuin sakéwanten nénten kakontrol kaenahang mawarna ijo nguda. | |
_-_CHN_-_UNOCHA_-_id.svg) | |
| Ibu kota | Béijing[lower-alpha 1] 39°55′N 116°23′E / 39.917°N 116.383°E |
| Kota pinih ageng | Shanghai[1] |
| Basa resmi | Mandarin[2][lower-alpha 2] |
| Basa daerah sané kaakuin | |
| Aksara resmi | Hanzi Sadarana[lower-alpha 3] |
| Kelompok étnis |
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| Agama | Lihat Agama di Tiongkok |
| Demonim | Chinese |
| Pamréntahan | Negara kesatuan berbentuk Republik sosialis satu-partai berideologi Marxis-Leninis[5] |
| Xi Jinping[lower-alpha 5] | |
| Li Qiang | |
| Li Zhanshu | |
| Wang Yang | |
• Sekretaris Pertama Sekretariat Partai | Wang Huning |
| Zhao Leji | |
• Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama | Han Zheng |
| Wang Qishan[lower-alpha 6] | |
| Legislatip | 全国人民代表大会 Quánguó Rénmín Dàibiǎo Dàhuì |
| Pembentukan | |
• Dinasti pra-Kaprabon pertama didirikan | kr. 2070 sm |
• Penyatuan Tiongkok oleh Dinasti Kaprabon pertama | 221 sm |
| 1 Januari 1912 | |
| 1 Oktober 1949 | |
| 4 Desember 1982 | |
| 20 Desember 1999 | |
| Jimbarnyané | |
- Total | 9,596,961 km2 (3,705,407 sq mi)[lower-alpha 7] (ketiga/keempat) |
| 2.8%[lower-alpha 8] | |
| Populasi | |
- Perkiraan 2016 |  1.403.500.365 [10] (pertama) |
- Sensus Krama 2010 | 1,339,724,852[11] (pertama) |
| 145[12]/km2 (375.5/sq mi) (ke-83) | |
| PDB (KKB) | 2019 |
- Total | $27.449 trillion[13] (pertama) |
| $19,559[13] (ke-79) | |
| PDB (nominal) | 2019 |
- Total | $14.172 triliun[13] (kedua) |
| $10,099[13] (71st) | |
| Gini (2015) | 46.2[14] tinggi |
| IPM (2017) | 0.752[15] tinggi · 86th |
| Mata uang | Renminbi (yuan; ¥)[lower-alpha 9] ( CNY) |
| Zona waktu | Waktu Standar Tiongkok (UTC+8) |
| Wentuk pinanggal | |
| Lajur kemudi | kanan[lower-alpha 10] |
| Kode télépon | +86 |
| Ranah Internet | |
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| Tiongkok | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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.svg) "Tiongkok" dalam Hanzi Sederhana (atas) dan Hanzi Tradisional (bawah) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中国 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Zhōngguó | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Negara Tengah atau Pusat[16] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Portugis name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Portugis | China | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Republik Rakyat Tiongkok |
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Pustaka
uah- ↑ Chan, Kam Wing (2007). "Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications" (PDF). Eurasian Geography and Economics. 48 (4): 383–412. doi:10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383. Kaarsipin saking versi asli (PDF) tanggal 15 January 2013. Kaaksés 7 August 2011. p. 395
- ↑ "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)". Chinese Government. 31 October 2000. Kaaksés 21 June 2013.
For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.
- ↑ General Information of the People's Republic of China (PRC): Languages, chinatoday.com, kaaksés 17 April 2008
- ↑ Pikobet nganggit: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamacensus - ↑ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. 15 November 2007. Kaaksés 8 February 2015.
- ↑ "New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China". RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
- ↑ "Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). UN Statistics. 2007. Kaarsipin saking versi asli (PDF) tanggal 24 December 2010. Kaaksés 31 July 2010. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (help) - ↑ "China". Encyclopædia Britannica. Kaaksés 16 November 2012.
- ↑ Pikobet nganggit: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaCIA - ↑ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). Departemen_Urusan_Ekonomi_dan_Sosial_PBB, Population Division. Kaaksés 10 Séptémber 2017.
- ↑ Pikobet nganggit: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamagroups - ↑ "Population density (people per sq. km of land area)". IMF. Kaaksés 16 May 2015.
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 "IMF Data Mapper". IMF. October 2018.
- ↑ "China's Economy Realized a Moderate but Stable and Sound Growth in 2015". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 19 January 2016. Kaaksés 20 January 2016.
Mengambil pendapatan disposable per kapita rumah tangga nasional dengan kuintil pendapatan, bahwa kelompok berpenghasilan rendah mencapai 5.221 yuan, kelompok berpenghasilan menengah bawah 11.894 yuan, kelompok berpenghasilan menengah 19.320 yuan, kelompok berpenghasilan menengah atas 29.438 yuan, dan kelompok berpenghasilan tinggi 54.544 yuan. Koefisien Gini untuk pendapatan nasional pada tahun 2015 adalah 0.462.
- ↑ "Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 September 2018. Kaaksés 15 September 2018. Check date values in:
|accessdate=, |date=(help) - ↑ Bilik, Naran (2015), "Reconstructing China beyond Homogeneity", Patriotism in East Asia, Political Theories in East Asian Context, Abingdon: Routledge, p. 105
Lis Pustaka
uah- Farah, Paolo (2006). "Five Years of China's WTO Membership: EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". Legal Issues of Economic Integration. Kluwer Law International. Volume 33, Number 3. pp. 263–304. Abstract.
- Heilig, Gerhard K. (2006/2007). China Bibliography – Online Archived 5 Nopémber 2015 at the Wayback Machine. China-Profile.com.
- Jacques, Martin (2009).When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order. Penguin Books. Rev. ed. (28 August 2012). ISBN 978-1-59420-185-1
- Jaffe, Amy Myers, "Green Giant: Renewable Energy and Chinese Power", Foreign Affairs, vol. 97, no. 2 (March / April 2018), pp. 83–93.
- Johnson, Ian, "What Holds China Together?", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 Séptémber 2019), pp. 14, 16, 18. "The Manchus... had [in 1644] conquered the last ethnic Chinese empire, the Ming [and established Imperial China's last dynasty, the Qing]... The Manchus expanded the empire's borders northward to include all of Mongolia, and westward to Tibet and Xinjiang." [p. 16.] "China's rulers have no faith that anything but force can keep this sprawling country intact." [p. 18.]
- Lagerwey, John (2010). China: A Religious State. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press. ISBN 978-988-8028-04-7.
- Meng, Fanhua (2011). Phenomenon of Chinese Culture at the Turn of the 21st century. Singapore: Silkroad Press. ISBN 978-981-4332-35-4.
- Sang Ye (2006). China Candid: The People on the People's Republic. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24514-3.
- Selden, Mark (1979). The People's Republic of China: Documentary History of Revolutionary Change. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-0-85345-532-5.
- Shambaugh, David L. (2008). China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Washington, DC; Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25492-3.